Alignment.
Precise arrangement of
letterforms upon an imaginary horizontal or vertical line.
Ampersand.
Typographic character
(&) representing the word
Base alignment.
A typesetter or printer
specification that the baseline for all letters should be horizontal, even in a
line of mixed sizes or styles; also called baseline alignment.
Baseline.
An imaginary horizontal
line upon which the base of each capital letter rests.
Bezier curves.
A type of curve with
nonuniform arcs, as opposed to curves with uniform curvature, which are called
arcs. A Bezier curve is defined by specifying control points that set the shape
of the curve, and are used to create letter shapes and other computer graphics.
Bitmap.
A computerized image made
up of dots. These are “mapped” onto the screen directly from corresponding bits
in memory (hence the name). Also referred to as paint format.
C. and l.c.
Used in marking copy, to
instruct the typesetter touse capitals and lowercase.
Cap height.
Height of the capital
letters, measured from thebaseline to the capline.
Capitals. (Caps)
Letters larger than – and
often differing from – the corresponding lowercase letters. Also called
uppercase.
Caption.
Title, explanation, or
description accompanying an illustration or photograph.
Cascading style sheets.
Web-site design software
permittingthe specification of type characteristics such as type size,
letter-,and line-spacing.
Character.
Symbol, sign, or mark in a
language system.Character count. The number of characters in a block of text.
In typography, spaces are counted but other nonprintingcharacters usually are
not. In data processing, both printing andnonprinting characters are usually
counted.
Colophon.
Inscription, frequently
placed at the end of a book, that contains facts about its production.
Column guide.
Nonprinting lines that
define the location ofcolumns of type.
Condensed.
Letterforms whose
horizontal width has been compressed.
Copyfitting.
Calculating the area that
will be occupied by agiven manuscript when set in a specified size and style of
type.
Counter.
Space enclosed by the
strokes of a letterform.
Cursor.
Term for the pointer or
insertion point on a computerscreen.
Drop initial.
Display letterform set into
the text.
Egyptian.
Typefaces characterized by
slablike serifs similarin weight to the main strokes.
Ellipses.
Three dots used to indicate
an omission in quoted material.
Em.
The square of the body size
of any type, used as a unit ofmeasure. In some expanded or condensed faces, the
em is alsoexpanded or condensed from the square proportion.
Em dash.
A dash one em long. Also
called a long dash.
Em leader.
Horizontal dots or dashes
with one em betweentheir centers.
En.
One-half of an em (see Em
).
En dash.
A dash one en long. Also
called a short dash.
EPS.
The syllabic division of words
used when theymust be broken at the end of a line. In electronic
typesetting,hyphenation can be determined by the operator orautomatically by
the computer.
Expanded.
Letterforms whose
horizontal width has been extended.
Export.
To send text, graphics, or
layouts created in one program from the computer memory in a form suitable for
use with other programs.
Face.
The part of metal type that
is inked for printing. Also another word for typeface.
Family.
The complete range of
variations of a typeface design, including roman, italic, bold, expanded,
condensed, and other versions.
Fit.
Refers to the spatial
relationships between letters after they are set into words and lines.
Flush left (or right).
The even vertical alignment
of lines of type at the left (or right) edge of a column.
Folio.
Page number.
Font.
A complete set of
characters in one design, size, and style. In traditional metal type, a font
meant a particular size and style; in digital typography a font can output
multiple sizes and even altered styles of a typeface design.
Footer.
An identifying line, such
as a page number and/or a chapter title, appearing in the bottom margin of a
document. Footers repeated throughout a document are called running footers or
running feet.
Format.
The overall typographic and
spatial schema established for a publication or any other application.
Grayscale.
An arbitrary scale of
monochrome (black to white) intensity ranging from black and white, with a
fixed number of intermediate shades of gray.
Grid.
Underlying structure
composed of a linear frameworkused by designers to organize typographic and
pictorialelements. Also, a film or glass master font, containingcharacters in a
predetermined configuration and used inphototypesetting.
Gutter.
The interval separating two
facing pages in apublication.
Hairline.
Thinnest strokes on a
typeface having strokes ofvarying weight.
Hanging indent.
In composition, a column
format in which thefirst line of type is set to a full measure while all
additional linesare indented.
Hanging punctuation.
Punctuation set outside the
column measure to achieve an optical alignment.
Header.
An identifying line at the
top margin of a document. A header can appear on every page and can include
text, pictures, page numbers, the date, and the time. Headersrepeated
throughout a document are called running headersor running heads.
Heading.
Copy that is given emphasis
over the body of text,through changes in size, weight, or spatial interval.
Icon.
A pictorial representation.
The elemental pictures on a computer screen used to represent disk drives,
files,applications, and tools, etc., are called icons.
Import.
To transfer text, graphics,
or layouts into a program ina form suitable for its use
Indent.
An interval of space at the
beginning of a line to indicate a new paragraph.
Initial.
A large letter used at the
beginning of a column; for example, at the beginning of a chapter.
Interletter spacing.
The spatial interval
between letters, also called letterspacing.
Italic.
Letterforms having a
pronounced diagonal slant to the right.
Justified text.
Copy in which all lines of
a text – regardless of the words they contain – have been made exactly the same
length, so that they align vertically at both the left and right margins.
Kerning.
In typesetting, kerning
refers to the process of subtracting space between specific pairs of characters
so that the overall letterspacing appears to be even. Compare Tracking.
Ligature.
A typographic character
produced by combining two or more letters.
Line breaks.
The relationships of line
endings in a ragged-right or ragged-left setting. Rhythmic line breaks are
achieved byadjusting the length of individual lines of type.
Linespacing.
The vertical distance
between two lines of typemeasured from baseline to baseline. For example,
“10/12” indicates 10-point type with 12 points base-to-base (that is, with 2
points of leading). See Leading, Interline spacing.
Masthead.
The visual identification
of a magazine ornewspaper, usually a logotype. Also a section placed near
thefront of a newspaper or periodical containing information suchas names and
titles of publishers and staff, along withaddresses.
Menu.
A list of choices in a computer
application, from whichthe user selects a desired action. In a computer’s
desktopinterface, menus appear when you point to and click on menu
Navigation.
The act of manually moving
a cursor through anon-screen page or series of pages.
Oblique.
A slanted roman character.
Unlike many italics,oblique characters do not have cursive design properties.
Old Style.
Typeface styles derived
from fifteenth- to eighteenth-century designs, and characterized by moderate
thick-and-thin contrasts, bracketed serifs, and a handwriting influence.
Orphan.
A single word on a line,
left over at the end of a paragraph, sometimes appearing at the top of a column
of text. See Widow.
Outline font.
A font designed, not as a
bitmap, but as outlines of the letter shapes that can be scaled to any size.
Laser printers and imagesetters use outline fonts. See Bitmapped font and
Screen font
Paragraph mark.
Typographic elements that
signal the beginning of a paragraph. For example, ¶.
Pica.
Typographic unit of
measurement: 12 points equal 1 pica.6 picas equal approximately one inch. Line
lengths and columnwidths are measured in picas.
Pixel.
Stands for picture element;
the smallest dot that can be displayed on a screen.
Point.
A measure of size used
principally in typesetting. One point is equal to 1/12 of a pica, or
approximately 1/72 of an inch. It is most often used to indicate the size of
type or amount of leading added between lines.
Ragged.
Lines of type set with equal
interword spacing, resulting in irregular line lengths. Also called ragged.
Roman.
Upright letterforms, as
distinguished from italics. More specifically, letters in an alphabet style
based on the upright serifed letterforms of Roman inscriptions.
Run-around.
Type that is set with a
shortened line measure to fit around a photograph, drawing, or other visual
element inserted into the running text.
Sans serif.
Typefaces without serifs.
Serifs.
Small elements added to the
ends of the main strokes of a letterform in serifed type styles.
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